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Overview Snapshot A 58-year-old African American man with a history of hypertension presents with

Snapshot A 60-year-old man presents to the emergency room with a 1-day history of fever

Introduction The kidneys play an important role in regulating the body’s acid-base status via 

Snapshot A 48-year-old woman presents to the emergency department due to severe back pain.

Introduction Filtration fraction (FF) represents the ratio between glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and renal

Overview Proximal Convoluted Tubule The major function of the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) is

Snapshot A 56-year-old man presents with lower abdominal pain. His symptoms have progressively worsened

Snapshot A 23-year-old woman with no significant past medical history presents to her primary

Snapshot A 54-year-old man presents to his primary care physician with chest pain. His

Snapshot A 26-year-old man presents to his primary care physician with abdominal and lower back

Snapshot A 52-year-old man with a past medical history of diabetes mellitus presents with

Overview Snapshot A 72-year-old woman with a history of congestive heart failure, hypertension, and