Renal

Acid-Base Disorders

Introduction The kidneys play an important role in regulating the body’s acid-base status via 

Hydronephrosis

Snapshot A 48-year-old woman presents to the emergency department due to severe back pain.

Filtration

Introduction Filtration fraction (FF) represents the ratio between glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and renal

The Nephron

Overview Proximal Convoluted Tubule Thin Descending Loop of Henle Thick Ascending Loop of Henle

Acute Kidney Injury

Snapshot A 56-year-old man presents with lower abdominal pain. His symptoms have progressively worsened

Renal Artery Stenosis

Snapshot Introduction Presentation Imaging Studies Differential Treatment Complications

Renal Cyst Disorders

Snapshot Adult Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPCKD) Juvenile Polycystic Kidney Disease (ARPCKD) Medullary Cystic Disease

Acute Tubular Necrosis

Snapshot Introduction   Classification of Acute Renal Failures Urinary Indices Pre-Renal Intrinsic Renal Post-Renal

Loop Diuretics

Overview Snapshot Furosemide Ethacrynic acid